با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه ایلام

2 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه ایلام

3 lگروه مهندسی آب وخاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام

چکیده

پدیده گردوغبار یکی از مخاطرات اقلیمی و زیست محیطی مهم در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان می‌باشد .هدف از این تحقیق بررسی و تعیین ترکیب کانی‌شناسی و ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی برخی نمونه‌های خاک سطحی درکشور عراق و ذرات گردوغبار در استان ایلام به منظور منشأیابی طوفان گردوغبار می‌باشد. نمونه‌های گردوغبار از شهرهای ایلام، مهران و دهلران در استان ایلام جمع‌آوری گردید. تعدادی نمونه خاک از لایه سطحی اراضی مناطق مختلف کشور عراق به عنوان منشأ تولید گردوغبار نیز تهیه شد. تجزیه‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و کانی‌شناسی نمونه‌های گردوغبار و خاک انجام شد. نتایج تجزیه‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی نشان داد که بیشترین درصد ذرات تشکیل‌دهنده خاک‌های عراق و گردوغبار استان ایلام شن و سیلت و کمترین رس می‌باشد. هدایت الکتریکی در همه نمونه‌های دو منطقه بیش از چهار دسی‌زیمنس بر متر و جزء خاک‌های شور محسوب می‌شوند و pH نمونه‌ها گردوغبار و خاک کشور عراق تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشته و در محدوده خنثی تا قلیایی قرار گرفتند. میزان آهک همه نمونه‌ها بیش از 25 درصد می‌باشد. مناطق مختلف دارای درصد کربن آلی پایینی بوده و بیشترین میزان به بدره عراق (%18/1) و کمترین به نجف (%16/0) تعلق می‌گیرد. SAR عمده خاک‌های عراق بیش از 13 و سدیمی شدید و در ذرات گردوغبار، SAR نیز نسبتاً بالا می‌باشد. نتایج کانی‌شناسی پودری نشان داد که کانی‌های غالب در خاک‌های عراق و گردوغبار استان ایلام کلسیت، ژیپس، کوارتز و پالیگورسکیت می‌باشند. نتایج بررسی‌های XRD در نمونه‌ها رس خاک عراق و گردوغبار استان ایلام بیانگر حضور کانی‌های کائولینیت، کلریت، ایلایت و اسمکتیت می‌باشد. به‌طورکلی نتایج تجزیه‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و کانی‌شناسی بیانگر این است که مناطق بیابانی در کشور عراق منشأ تولید ذرات گردوغبار در استان ایلام می‌باشد و طوفان‌های گردوغبار در دراز مدت می‌تواند باعث شور و سدیمی شدن خاک سطحی اراضی استان ایلام ‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Mineralogy and physicochemical properties of Iraqi surface soil and dust particles in Ilam province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahmood Rostaminia 1
  • Masoud Bazgir 2
  • Ali Chabok 3

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Water and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Water and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam

3 Department of Water and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam

چکیده [English]

Dust phenomenon is one of the important climatic and environmental hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The aim of this study is to determine the mineralogical and physicochemical properties of some soil samples in Iraq and dust particles in Ilam province in order to find out the origin of dust. Dust samples were collected from Ilam, Mehran and Dehloran cities. In addition, some surface soil samples were collected from different parts of Iraq as the source of dust. Physico-chemical and mineralogical analysis of dust and soil samples was fulfilled. The results revealed that the highest percentage of particles forming Iraqi dust and dust in Ilam province are sand and silt and clay was the least. Electrical conductivity in all samples was more than 4 dS/m in both samples meaning as saline classes and pH of the samples was similar in dust of Ilam and Iraqi soils, and showed the neutral to alkaline range. The lime content of all samples was more than 25%. Different regions had low organic carbon percentage, the highest rate was in the Iraqi margin (1.18%), and the lowest was in Najaf (0.16%). The SAR of most Iraqi soils was more than 13 and showed severe alkalinity in dust particles, SAR is also relatively high. Mineralogical results showed that dominant minerals in Iraqi soils and dust of Ilam province are calcite, gypsum, quartz and palygorskite. The results of XRD studies in clay samples of Iraqi soil and Ilam province dust indicated the presence of minerals such as kaolinite, chlorite, ilite and smectite. Overally, the results of physical, chemical, and mineralogical analysis indicated that desert regions in Iraq are the sources of dust production in Ilam, and that dust storms can lead to salinity and alkalinity of the surface soil in Ilam province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • XRD
  • Saline and alkaline soil
  • Gypsum mineral
  • Origination
  1. Alexander, E.B. and N. Holowychok. 1983. Soil on terraces along the Cauca River, Columbia. I. Chronosequence characteristics. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47: 715-721.
  2. Al-Juboury, A.I. 2009. Palygorskite in Miocene rocks of northern Iraq: environmental and geochemical indicators. Acta Geologica Polonica, 59: 269–282.
  3. Arimoto, R. 2000. Relationships to source, tropospheric chemistry, transport and deposition. Earth-Science Reviews, 54: 29–42.
  4. Barnhisel, R.I. and P.M. Bertsch. 1989. Chlorites and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite and smectite. Soil Science Society of America, SSSA Book Series, Vol. 1, Madison, WI, USA, 729-788.
  5. Buchani, M.H. and D. Fazeli. 2011. Environment challenges and its consequences, case study: dust and its impact in the west of Iran. Doctrine of Policy Making, 2(3): 125-146 (in Persian).
  6. Buchani, M.H. The study of spatial and social imbalances from the perspectives of sustainable development. MSc Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, 123 pages (in Persian).
  7. Díaz-Hernández, J.L., J.D. Martín-Ramos and A. López-Galindo. 2011. Quantitative analysis of mineral phases in atmospheric dust deposited in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. Atmospheric Environment, 45: 3015-3024.
  8. Dixon, J.B. and S.B. Weed. 1989. Minerals in soil environments. Second Ed., Soil Science Society of America, 89 pages.
  9. Franzluebbers, A.J. 2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil and Tillage Research, 66: 95-106.
  10. Ganor, E., Y. Deutsch and H.A. Foner. 2000. Mineralogical composition and sources of airborne settling particles on Lake Kinneret (the sea of Galilee) Israel. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 118(3-4): 245–262.
  11. Hojati, S., H. Khademi, A.F. Cano and A. Landi. 2012. Characteristics of dust deposited along a trancect between central Iran and the Zagros Mountains. Catena, 88(1): 27-36.
  12. Gee, G.W. and J.W. Bauder. 1986. Methods of soil analysis, part 1: physical and mineralogical methods. Agronomy Monograph, 9: 383-411.
  13. Gerson, R. and R. Amit. 1987. Rates and modes of dust accretion and deposition in an arid region, the Negev, Israel. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35(1): 157-169.
  14. Karimi Ahmad Abad, M. and K. Shokouhi Razi. 2011. Interaction between the flow of the atmosphere and the surface of the earth in the mechanism of formation and circulation of summer dust storms in the Middle East. Natural Geographic Research, 78: 113-130 (in Persian).
  15. Khoshakhlagh, F., M.S. Najafi, S.M. Zamanzadeh, M.H. Shirazi and M. Samadi. 2014. The study of dust composition in the west and southwest of Iran. Geography and Environmental Hazards, 2(6): 17-36 (in Persian).
  16. Kittric, J.A. and E.W. Hope. 1963. A procedure for particle size separations of soils for x-ray diffraction Soil Science, 96(5): 319-325.
  17. Knudson, D. and G.A. Peterson. 1982. Lithium, sodium and potassium. In: A.L. Page et al. (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agror, Monogr 9, ASA, Madison, WI, 225-246.
  18. Kurtz, A.C., L.A. Derry and O.A. Chadwick. 2001. Accretion of asian dust to Hawaiian soils: isotopic, elemental and mineral mass blances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(12): 1971-1983.
  19. Lashkari, H. and Gh. Kaikhsrovi. 2009. Statistical synoptic analysis of dust storm in Khorasan Razavi Province (1993-2005). Physical Geography Research Quartelry, 65: 17-33 (in Persian).
  20. Matzek, K.L. 1955. Movement of soluble salts in development of Chernozems and associated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 19(2): 225-229.
  21. McLean, E.D. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. In: A.L. Page (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph, Vol. 9. American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 199-224, 256-286.
  22. Menendez, I., J.L. Diaz-Hernandez, J. Mangas, I. Alonso and P.J. Sanchez-Soto. 2007. Airborne dust accumulation and soil development in the north-east sector of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Journal of Arid Environments, 71(1): 57-81.
  23. Modaihsh, A. S. 1997. Characteristics and composition of the falling dust sediments on Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments, 36(2): 211-223.
  24. Moutaz, A., S. Al-Dabbas, M.A. Abbas and R.M. Al-Khafaji. 2010. Dust storms loads from Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 5(1): 121–131.
  25. Nazari, Z., Khorasani, S. Feiznia and M. Karami. 2018. Source identification of the elements in PM10 aerosols, case study: Kermanshah City. Physical Geography Research, 49(4): 557-569 (in Persian).
  26. Nelson, D.W. and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Agronomy Monograph, Vol. 9, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 539–577.
  27. Nelson, R.E. 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. In: A.L. Page (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, 2nd ed., Agronomy. Monograph, Vol. 9, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 181-197.
  28. Pessarakli, M. and I. Szabolcs. 1999. Soil salinity and sodicity as particular plant/crop stress factors. In: Pessarakli, M., (Ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1-15.
  29. Pye, K. 1992. Aeolian dust transport and deposition over Crete and adjacent parts of the Mediterranean Sea. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 17(3): 271-288.
  30. Rhoades, J.D. 1982. Cation exchangeable capacity. In: Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Agronomy Monograph, Vol. 9, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 149–157.
  31. Shoji, S., Y. Fujiwara, I. Yamada and M. Saigusa. 1982. Chemistry and clay mineralogy of ando soils, brown forest soils and podzole soils formed from recent towada ashes, northeastern, Japan. Soil Science, 133(2): 69-86.
  32. von Suchodoletz, H., B. Glaser, T. Thrippleton, T. Broder, U. Zang, R. Eigenmann, B. Kopp, M. Reichert and Z. Ludwig. 2013. The influence of Saharan dust deposits on La Palma soil properties (Canary Islands, Spain). Catena, 103: 44-52.
  33. Tavosi, T., M. Khosravi and K. Raysipour. 2010. Dust analysis in Khuzestan Province. Geography and Development, 20: 97-118 (in Persian).
  34. Zarsvandi, A., F. Moor and A. Nazarpour. 2011. Mineralogy and morphology of dust storms particles in Khuzestan Province: XRD and SEM analysis concerning. Iranian Juornal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 19(3): 511-518 (in Persian).