Reza Talaei; Mohsen Shariat Jafarei; Bayramali Beyrami
Abstract
Landslides are the major causes of erosion and sediment yield in the sloping and mountainous basins. However, evidence suggests that the amount of sediment to the river of the mountainous regions in Ardabil province due to landslides is significant, but in quantitative terms it has not been provided ...
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Landslides are the major causes of erosion and sediment yield in the sloping and mountainous basins. However, evidence suggests that the amount of sediment to the river of the mountainous regions in Ardabil province due to landslides is significant, but in quantitative terms it has not been provided the certain value based on scientific research for it. In this study, the subject was evaluated in the Balekhlou-Chay catchment of Ardabil province using data extracted from the aerial photographs, field investigations and the sediment discharge measured data at Pole-Almas hydrometric station. Sediment volume in the sediment measurement stations associated with the catchment was estimated by determining the relationship between flow rate and it′s corresponding sediment discharge. It was attempted to compare the estimated amount of sediment at different time periods with its amount in the periods of activity of landslides and to determine the possible effects of the landslides in increasing erosion and sediment yield in the catchment. The noted large landslides have caused a significant increase in the sediment load of the available rivers. The effects of these slides can be observed in the suspended load passing through Pol-e-Almas station. The mean of the suspended sediment concentration of Balekhlou-Chay catchment has been estimated about 46566.30 tons per year based on sediment discharge values from field data during 40 years (from 1972 to 2001), however the mean of the suspended sediment concentration is 30831 tons per year based on sediment discharge values from field data during 36 years, which means with the elimination of the data related to landslide years (from 1980 to 1983). In conclusion, according to the calculated sediment carried by the Balekhlou-Chay river after the occurrence of the Sarighaye and Ilanjigh landslides during the period of 4 years (from 1980 to 1983) has been increased rapidly.
Maryam Sanjari Banestani; Vahedberdi Sheikh; Arash Zare Garizi; Amaneh Avarand
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of monitoring precipitation, temperature and river stage variables in the Chehl-Chai Watershed with the participation of citizens/stakeholders. Simple and low-cost measurement tools were designed and provided to the local volunteers (two students, three ...
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The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of monitoring precipitation, temperature and river stage variables in the Chehl-Chai Watershed with the participation of citizens/stakeholders. Simple and low-cost measurement tools were designed and provided to the local volunteers (two students, three women and one man) and they monitored the variables for five months. The data were recorded on paper forms and/or communicated through cellphones (text messages and social media applications of WhatsApp and Telegram). The citizen-collected data were compared with formal gauging stations using different statistical metrics including correlation coefficient, paired-sample t-test and kappa index. Results revealed that, the difference between the recorded data by the participants and those of gauging stations were not statistically significant. A female citizen with academic education of bachelor’s degree recorded the highest frequency of data that had the highest correlation with the recorded data in the formal precipitation and temperature monitoring stations, while the technical staff man from the Natural Resources Management Office recorded the least frequent data that had the least correlation with the recorded data in the formal monitoring stations. In overall, the promising level of citizens’ performance in monitoring the watershed, suggests that it is really feasible to collect reliable, on-time, and long-term data that can be used to obviate lack of data, particularly in remote mountainous areas and facilitates the decision-making and watersheds management process.
Maryam Rostami; Forood Sharifi; Mohammad Hossein Mahdian; Samaneh Arvandi
Abstract
Nowadays, we see the growth and development of several models for the design of water supply systems, flood estimation, allocation and use of water resources, runoff and wastewater management in urban areas and management of aquatic ecosystems. Understanding the water yield and water demand is one of ...
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Nowadays, we see the growth and development of several models for the design of water supply systems, flood estimation, allocation and use of water resources, runoff and wastewater management in urban areas and management of aquatic ecosystems. Understanding the water yield and water demand is one of the main components of decision making for the management of resources, watersheds and phenomena such as drought. The lack of a system that supports correct decision making and timely decisions is entirely evident for management of surface waters and drought risk in the country. For creating of fetus system, it is necessary reviewing and assessing the water yield in the country. In this study, the 7th order basin in the Markazi province, that is located in the semi-arid climate, are simulated and analyzed with using rainfall, evaporation and discharge data by using of AWBM and SFB models. The main objectives of this research are included of extracting physical parameters of the model, conversion of rainfall point data into regional data using different methods and routine, analysis of calculated evaporation and evapotranspiration and aggregated of data for simulating the 7th order basin and estimation of potential surface water yield Markazi province.
Zeinab Karimi; Vahedberdi Sheikh
Abstract
In this paper the watershed management activities on some part of the Hablehroud Watershed was evaluated on the basis of the stakeholders’ attitude using the questionnaire (face to face interview and recording) and qualitative research method. The respondents’ community was randomly selected ...
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In this paper the watershed management activities on some part of the Hablehroud Watershed was evaluated on the basis of the stakeholders’ attitude using the questionnaire (face to face interview and recording) and qualitative research method. The respondents’ community was randomly selected among males and females and gathered data was analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The descriptive results showed that, despite its high necessity and importance, the number and diversity of offered educational and extension programs are insufficient from the Hablehroud stakeholders’ point of view. Assessment of stakeholder’s viewpoints regarding key influencing factors on natural resources and environmental degradation as well as stakeholders’ awareness and feeling of responsibility about environment indicated that local people have a relatively good environmental knowledge and feel themselves highly responsible. Furthermore, stakeholders very highly acknowledge the effects and importance of implementing soil and water conservation measures from various dimensions. Therefore it is crucial to provide educational and extension programs, to benefit from local knowledge and to involve the local stakeholders in order to succeed in the projects. However, low incomes and lack of employment opportunities, which are main issues of rural communities, lead to migration from some locations. In fact, stakeholders declared that lack of financial resources is the main hindrance to willingness to implement soil and water conservation measures. Moreover, lack of awareness and information about soil and water conservation measures and their effects and absence of pilot and demonstration farms are the second and third most hindering factor to adopt soil and water conservation measures.
Maryam Azinmehr; Abdolreza Bahremand; Atena Kabir
Abstract
The various types of land cover and land use have significant roles and impacts on runoff and flood; but how and to what extent is not clear and highly uncertain. The models are becoming more capable for flood prediction, landuse impacts on floods, and decision making in watershed management. The main ...
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The various types of land cover and land use have significant roles and impacts on runoff and flood; but how and to what extent is not clear and highly uncertain. The models are becoming more capable for flood prediction, landuse impacts on floods, and decision making in watershed management. The main objective of this research is to assess the impacts of land use changes on flow hydrograph by means of distributed modeling and GIS. A grid-based spatially distributed hydrologic model, WetSpa, which has been developed at the Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering of VUB, is used in this research to fulfill the aim. The basic model inputs are a digital elevation model (DEM), land use and soil maps of the study area in GIS raster format, and hydrometeorological data. The model is applied to the Dinvar river basin (1717 km2), and its main tributaries. The Dinvar river located in Kermanshah, is one of the main tributaries of the Karkheh River. The model predicts the daily hydrographs with a good accuracy, 66% according to the Nash-Sutcliffe. For assessing the impact of landuse changes on floods, the calibrated model is applied for nine scenarios using the hourly data. The potential of Dinvar cachment, nine landuse change scenarios in GIS was determined and entered the calibrated model for simulation. changes in processes and hydrological parameters were investigated by comparing the output hydrograph of present landuse with simulation result of 9 scenarios. Results show that model simulation is acceptable as for the result of model.
Mostafa Baniasadi; Mojtaba Palouj
Abstract
Policymakers in the field of water resource management in the country have been seeking solutions for water issues through technical engineering, water transfer, damming, and constructional projects. However, the main problem of water resources in the country is the existence of bad and undesirable governance ...
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Policymakers in the field of water resource management in the country have been seeking solutions for water issues through technical engineering, water transfer, damming, and constructional projects. However, the main problem of water resources in the country is the existence of bad and undesirable governance and the inefficient management system. Inappropriate institutional arrangements, fragmented management, lack of transparency, and lack of stakeholders’ involvement in management are among the characteristics of the current water resource governance system in the country. The purpose of the present study is to design of good governance on groundwater resources at the basin of Arzuiyeh Plain. To this purpose, using the analytical method of grounded theory, interviewing experts and pundits, and conducting relevant analyzes, the pattern of good governance of water resources was developed. The most important results and suggestions of this pattern include the development of appropriate institutional arrangements at the basin, integrated management at the macro level to basin level, transfer of management to the stakeholders at the basin, stakeholders’ participation in monitoring and implementation and reform of the rules and the legal system.
Reza Kordian Hamedani; Saeed Azadi; Safar Marofi; Abdollah Taheri Tizro
Abstract
Erosion is always a major concern for farmers, engineers and policy makers due to economic and environmental impacts. Slope is one of the most important indicators on soil erosion, therefore, the aim of this study is investigation of slope steepness and its aspect on sediment and surface runoff on Gonbad ...
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Erosion is always a major concern for farmers, engineers and policy makers due to economic and environmental impacts. Slope is one of the most important indicators on soil erosion, therefore, the aim of this study is investigation of slope steepness and its aspect on sediment and surface runoff on Gonbad Watershed located in Hamadan, Iran. To this regard, three standard experimental plots installed at southern, northern, and eastern aspects of the basin. The plot dimensions were 1.8×24 meters installed in the relatively uniform slope with different values. Runoff and its sediments were collected in spatial containers. 16 rainfall events (2010-2013) were sampled. Effect of slope steepness, its aspect as well as their interactions were analysed using a factorial experiment by SAS 9.4 software. Results indicated significant roles of slope, its aspect and their interactions in surface runoff volume. Based on the results, small slope has carried out slope steepness significantly on runoff rate, that have more significant effect on smallest steep compared to higher steepness. This is because of land use and vegetating cover and also higher average infiltration rate as well as the recent soil moisture content on the high steep. This is important to note that the slope steepness have not significant effect on runoff sediment rate. The aspect also has significant effect just on 6.25% of the events. The interaction of slope steepness and its aspect also was significant on 18.75% of the events.
shahab nayyer; saeed farzin; hojat karami; mohammad rostami
Abstract
Erosion is one of the most worrisome issues associated with the river and coastal sides. The use of spur dikes is one of the newest methods for controlling and reducing erosion. The spur dikes are in various forms, such as simple, l-shaped and t-shaped. In this experimental study, the effect of different ...
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Erosion is one of the most worrisome issues associated with the river and coastal sides. The use of spur dikes is one of the newest methods for controlling and reducing erosion. The spur dikes are in various forms, such as simple, l-shaped and t-shaped. In this experimental study, the effect of different geometry of upstream and downstream spur dikes on the scouring of middle t-shaped spur dike was study for a series of spur dike combinations. Experiments have been analyzed for movable bed in the threshold of motion condition. The results of this study showed that the average scour depth around the mid-t-shaped spur dike is about 0.8 times the flow depth. The best performance of the t-shaped spur dike occurs when the upstream spur dike is l-shaped and downstream is t-shaped (L T T). In fact, the lowest volume and average scour depth due to the all situations is related to this combination. The erosion volume was calculated using the Surfer software. The average scouring volume of this combination is 0.063 m3 and the average scour depth is about 1.21 times the flow depth. At the site of the first spur dike, the entire amount of erosion on the side of spur dikes but by crossing the spur dikes, erosion is directed toward the opposite.
peyman madanchi; mahmod habibnejadroshan; kaka shahedi; karim soleymani; Ahmad Fatehi
Abstract
Abstract:At present, there are a variety of reliable and practical methods for measuring soil moisture from point to world scale. Recently, remarkable progress in remote sensing techniques has allowed the scientific community to accurate and repeatedly map soil moisture anywhere in the world. The above ...
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Abstract:At present, there are a variety of reliable and practical methods for measuring soil moisture from point to world scale. Recently, remarkable progress in remote sensing techniques has allowed the scientific community to accurate and repeatedly map soil moisture anywhere in the world. The above points out the need for this research. In this research, this is the hypothesis, Do MERRA-LAND remote sensing data have an acceptable accuracy in determining the soil moisture content of the baft watershed? To answer this question, After downloading the data and reading them, Pearson correlation method was used to validate the data between monthly average remote sensing data and monthly average precipitation of baft synoptic and Kiskan Rainfall stations measurement in 2009-2013. The results showed 99% confidence in the Kiskan station and 95% confidently at the baft station There is a high correlation between monthly average soil moisture content downloaded with average monthly rainfall, Then, to compare the mean of MERRA-LAND data from the Goddard earth science(GES DISC) As predicted data at the specified date and time and the percentage moisture content obtained from 14 sampling points from the soil surface and the root zone area in the baft basin, the same time and date was used as in-situ data. Mean comparison of T-pair method was performed in SPSS software for each sample. The results showed that due to the higher T calculated from the table T with a degree of freedom 13 compared to the moisture content of the surface area and the root area there is no significant difference with surface download data and root area with 99% confidence. And can be recommended to the executive department Instead of spending a lot of time and cost Use the percentage moisture content provided by this site to predict and monitoring agricultural drought.
Roghayeh Asiabi-Hir; Raoof Mostafazadeh; Majid Raoof; Abazar Esmali-Ouri
Abstract
Availability and supplying adequate water is a fundamental prerequisite for socio-economic development of human societies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of surface water resources. The following criterion including resources (availability, variability), access (access to ...
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Availability and supplying adequate water is a fundamental prerequisite for socio-economic development of human societies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of surface water resources. The following criterion including resources (availability, variability), access (access to health), usage (domestic water use, agricultural water consumption), environment (baseflow, natural vegetation, environmental flow) and socio-economic capacities (literacy rates, the economically active population, employment in non-agricultural sector) were used to assess effective components on surface water sustainability in 21 sub-watersheds of Ardabil Province. The values of different criteria were standardized based on maximum method according to their numerical interval. The comparison of different water related components was provided using multi-dimensional spider-plots in the study area. The lowest and highest values of resource criteria (water per capita and rainfall coefficient of variations) were obtained in Shamsabad (16) and Hir (93) watersheds, respectively. The Nir, Pol-Almas, and Doostbeiglou watersheds having 60, 58, and 54 scores were identified as good condition, considering environment criteria and the other watersheds are critical. The capacity index had the highest and lowest values in Pol-Almas and Polsoltan watershed, respectively. Considering the access criteria, Shamsabad and Ahmad-Kandi watersheds had the highest and lowest scores, respectively. The mean standardized values of resource, usage, access, capacity and environment were 50, 60, 42, 38 and 25, respectively. In conclusion, the results showed that the access and resource criteria had the highest variations, and the environmental criteria were defined as undesirable conditions over the study area. It should be noted that the Central and Eastern parts of the study area had the same condition in terms of their criteria scores.
Negin Ghaderi; Karim Soleimani; Ataollah Kavian; Mostafa Rashidpoor
Abstract
Urban watersheds due to their development, have more complex hydrological behavior than natural watersheds, and understanding their hydrological response will help to design appropriate flood control facilities. In this study, SWMM model was used to investigate the potential of urban runoff production ...
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Urban watersheds due to their development, have more complex hydrological behavior than natural watersheds, and understanding their hydrological response will help to design appropriate flood control facilities. In this study, SWMM model was used to investigate the potential of urban runoff production in a part of Babolsar urban area. The purpose of this study was to analyze the water availability of rainwater collected during different return periods for urban use. For this purpose, the SWMM model defined 65.65 ha of study area in the form of six hydrological units (from 5.94 to 16.82 ha), six output nodes and four channels were defined, and the height of runoff from 24-hour rainfall was obtained with different return periods. According to these results, the 24-hour rainfall with a 25-year return period is 70.37 mm, of which 33.73 mm for infiltration and 35.60 mm for runoff. Results showed that about 52.1% of rainfall of Babolsar City plan could have the ability to become runoff. The highest runoff coefficient is in the hydrological unit S3, which has a value of 0.637 at the 100 year return period. However, the lowest runoff coefficient is in hydrological unit S1 which has a value of 0.352 at 2-year return period. The results also showed that the runoff coefficient is directly related to the return period and the larger rainfall has a higher runoff coefficient. Through the collection systems, in addition to reducing the flood hazards of Babolsar City, a water supplement that offsets part of household consumption in the non-urban sector, also water resources management can be done.
Alireza Majidi; Golamreza Lashkaripour; Ziaedin shoaei
Abstract
Erodibility, resistance and soil engineering behavior are affected by their physical and chemical properties. Lithology and characteristics of parent rock can be such factors that influence on soil properties and behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare some of the physical properties ...
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Erodibility, resistance and soil engineering behavior are affected by their physical and chemical properties. Lithology and characteristics of parent rock can be such factors that influence on soil properties and behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare some of the physical properties of Marly fine grained soils with two different maternal formations in a unit basin (Qom salt lake). The study was carried out on 61 soil samples. The physical parameters studied are the specific weight of the unit volume of soil, the grain size, the Atterberg limits and the soil activity number, which was measured according to ASTM standards. The investigation of the above mentioned soil properties showed that the soils of these two marl formations are silty and all are classified in the category of fine-grained soils with low to moderate plasticity. The values of the soil activity number and the Atterberg limits, especially the plasticity limit and plasticity index, indicated that the clay minerals in these soils are more Kaolinite and Illite and less montmorillonite. The comparison of variance and mean of physical properties of two groups of soil by using t-student (two independent groups) test, showed that in most of the physical properties of two Marl Soil groups consist of liquid limit, plasticity index, soil activity number and percentage of clay, silt and sand, there is a differences significant level of confidence of over 95%. This difference of physical properties was validated by clustering the samples by hierarchical method. Considering to the unit basin and similar conditions in the formation and evolution of these two groups of soil, the results of this study indicate that conditions and characteristics of the sedimentary environment of the matter rocks mainly affected on the properties and behavior of soils, especially in their early stages of evolution.
Sattar Chavoshi
Abstract
Metaheuristic algorithms have been increasingly used in different fields. The application of these algorithms for identifying and modelling natural phenomena such as flood and drought in terms of complexity and non-linear interactions can be considered as their capability in hydrology. In this paper, ...
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Metaheuristic algorithms have been increasingly used in different fields. The application of these algorithms for identifying and modelling natural phenomena such as flood and drought in terms of complexity and non-linear interactions can be considered as their capability in hydrology. In this paper, Symbiotic Organism Search (SOS) algorithm was first introduced, then its application in tuning fuzzy expert system, aiming to find the region of influence area of hydrometric stations in the Southern Caspian Sea Basin. This basin has regularly experienced flood events, causing human loss and properties damages every year. The outcome of this research is used to estimate floods, and subsequently, to design flood control structures. A total of 61 hydrometric stations were selected in the study area and their physical, climatic and hydrologic characteristics including area, perimeter, minimum elevation, maximum elevation, mean slope, stream length, slope of main stream, equivalent rectangle length, equivalent rectangle width, form factor, shape coefficient, Gravelious factor, round coefficient, and mean annual precipitation were determined. Results indicated that out of 16 parameters, area, mean elevation, form factor, Gravelious factor, and mean annual rainfall, were the most significant parameters in relation to flood by employing the SOS. These variables were used as the input variables into the fuzzy system and SOS algorithm to tune the fuzzy system. Finally, the efficiency of the SOS algorithm was evaluated using the linear torque heterogeneity statistic. Therefore, 61 influence areas were determined that show homogenous areas in 61 watersheds. Results indicated the performance of SOS in determining region of influence of the sub-basins in the study area. In addition, the geographical vicinity is not a suitable criterion for finding homogenous areas.
Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno; Mohammad Nohtani; Sadegh Askari Dehno
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the changes in some features of the topsoil and vegetation in the land affected by flood and comparing its results with the control area in koh khajeh flood spreading station in hamoon area of Sistan. For this purpose, four sites were considered as flood spreading ...
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The purpose of this research is to study the changes in some features of the topsoil and vegetation in the land affected by flood and comparing its results with the control area in koh khajeh flood spreading station in hamoon area of Sistan. For this purpose, four sites were considered as flood spreading area and two sites were selected as control area. Samples were taken in six sites using the random-systematic method. To this aim, 3 transects of 100 meters was established in each field and each one had 10 plots of 1 square meters regarding the dispersion of vegetation. Canopy cover percentage and density were calculated through use of plots and clipping and weighing was used to measure current year's growth as production. Also, to measure soil properties, sampling along each transect and in six points (3 points in shrubs understory and three points in bare soil), and factors as EC, pH, nitrogen percentage of the soil, and organic matter percentage were calculated. In order to compare the results regarding soil features, we used 2*2 factorial tests and for the factors regarding vegetation we used non-paired t test in spss. Data normality was assessed using Kolmogorov test. The results indicated that flood water spreading has a significant effect on canopy cover percentage and plant production respectively in probability level of 5 and 1 percent, but there is not significant difference between vegetation density in flooded and control area. Results showed that flood has led to significant increases in soil nitrogen percent and organic matter as well as low acidity and EC in probability level of 5 %.at the same time, organic matter, nitrogen and acidity are low compared to shrub understory soil in both treatments. However, EC in soil under shrub is higher than bare soil in both treatments
Mahmood Damizadeh; Rasool Mahdavi; Ali Akbar Noroozi; Hamid Gholami; Arshk Hollisaz
Abstract
Dust storms are one of the atmospheric phenomena which has many negative effects for Hormozgan Province, as one of the most important population and tourism centers in the south and with significant and strategic facilities in the country. For this reason, todays determining the hotspots and areas affected ...
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Dust storms are one of the atmospheric phenomena which has many negative effects for Hormozgan Province, as one of the most important population and tourism centers in the south and with significant and strategic facilities in the country. For this reason, todays determining the hotspots and areas affected by the storm, as well as identifying important routes of entry and movement is one of the most important needs of relevant organizations in this province. In order to study the dust phenomenon in Hormozgan Province, first, all meteorological data of 12 synoptic stations in the region between 2000 and 2018 were analyzed and 48 dust storm events were identified that their horizontal visibility has decreased to less than 1000 meters and dust mass detection operations were performed using MODIS satellite images and four detection algorithms of Ackerman, TDI, TIIDI and NDDI and areas affected by storm as well as areas of origin were identified. HYSPLIT particle Lagrangian diffusion model was used to route the motion of the dust storm and the entry routes of dust storms into the province also, its routes and areas that have the most impact in this area were identified. Comparing results of four dust detection algorithms indicated better performance of TDI algorithm compared to other algorithms in detecting the focus and mass of dust in the area. According to the results, eastern regions of Hormozgan Province, Jazmourian Wetland, eastern Sistan and Baluchestan, western regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as central and southern regions of Saudi are one of the most important centers of dust production in the region. Investigating HYSPLIT model maps indicates the existence of three general routes of entry and creation of dust storms in the area which includes the southwestern regions of the country, the south-north route and the north and northwest route. Also, based on model results, about 53.7% of the path of movement and the release of dust after a storm is to the north and northeast direction which causes the spread of pollution and intensification of dust concentration in cities such as Bandar Abbas, Qeshm, Minab, Rudan, Jiroft, Kahnooj, Bam, Iranshahr, Khash, Mirjaveh and Zahedan. Also, about 22.3% of the storms in the region consider the southern route, 14.8% the south-west route and 9.2% the east route to continue their navigation.
Sohrab Moradi; Soleiman Mohammadi Limaei
Abstract
This study was carried out with the aim of feasibility evaluation of the application of multi-objective game-theory model for settling balance between economic and environmental concerns in land use optimization as well as to facilitate the respective decision-makings in Zemkan basin, located in the ...
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This study was carried out with the aim of feasibility evaluation of the application of multi-objective game-theory model for settling balance between economic and environmental concerns in land use optimization as well as to facilitate the respective decision-makings in Zemkan basin, located in the west of Kermanshah Province. The bi-objectives of multi-objective game-theory model are minimizing the destructive effects on the environment (less erosion and sediments) and maximizing the economical incomes resulted from different land uses (more net present value). The IRS-P6 Satellite images were used for recognition of different land uses and the areas of these land uses were determined using GIS tools. In this study, the environmentalists (player 1) and Zemkan basin users (player 2) were selected as environmental and economical players, respectively. In this study, an integration of game theory, multi-objective optimization and geographic information system was used in land use optimization of Zemkan basin in order to set balance between economic development and environmental effects. The results of multi-objective game-theory model indicated that after several rounds of bargaining and moderating the objectives between players, Nash equilibrium would be resulted. Within Nash equilibrium limits, the mean of erosion and sediment ranges from 4296 to 4300 thousands m3 per year and net present value, also ranges from 47050 to 47068 million Rials for economic player. Comparing with Pareto optimality, which is the result of classical multi- objective model, Nash equilibrium offered more satisfactory solutions based on decision makers’ priorities. The results also suggest that the game theory model can be applied in many other issues concerning environmental management. The future researches may concentrate on developing a third objective like social concerns so that three-objective games would be applied instead of bi-objective ones.
Moien Jahanthigh; Seysd Mohmmad Tajbakhsh; Gholamreza Mirab Shabestari; Hadi Memarian
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate Hirmand River morphology alterations through the estimation of suspended loads transported by floods. The sediment samples were collected and suspended loads were estimated. The alterations of sediment load along Sistan reach was investigated, spatially and temporally. ...
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This research was aimed to investigate Hirmand River morphology alterations through the estimation of suspended loads transported by floods. The sediment samples were collected and suspended loads were estimated. The alterations of sediment load along Sistan reach was investigated, spatially and temporally. The suitable reaches for sedimentation inspected through the high resolution Satellite imageries of Spot-5 (with the spatial resolution of 2.5-5 m). Through the geo-referencing of aerial photos and satellite images in GIS environment, the changes of river width, meander angel, and sinuosity index were estimated during the last 50 years. The t-student test was employed to assess the changes of river width during time. Results showed that the average suspended sediment load of Sistan River was 32 grL-1 and approximately 7.3 million tones sediment load entered to the study reach. According to the results, the river width has been changed, significantly. The river width in 2016 has been decreased by 0.33 of that in 1965 and 73% of the river has no capacity for flow transport and shows a high density of suspended load. This study established that the hydrology parameters (sediment and flood), biologic and slope changes are the main causes of sediment load and the changes of river morphology from a disorganized sinusoidal meanders to limited meanders. During the period of 1965-2016 the pattern of flow changed from meander to the sinusoidal. The average angel of river from 287.94 changed to 295.26 degree. The average of sinusoidal index changed from 1.39 to 1.18 and the average of flooding bed width from 160.79 m changed to 41.32 m in 2016.
Aboalhasan Fathabadi; Hamed Rouhani; Seyed Morteza Seyedian; Mohammad Mahdvi
Abstract
When watershed input, evatransporation and ground water usage be limitated, recession curve showed storage–output relationship for basin. This relationship can help us in low flow forecasting, decision and management of water resources; hydrological models calibration and etc. In this study recession ...
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When watershed input, evatransporation and ground water usage be limitated, recession curve showed storage–output relationship for basin. This relationship can help us in low flow forecasting, decision and management of water resources; hydrological models calibration and etc. In this study recession curve were modelled in Taleghan, Jajrod and Khoramdare rivers. At the first by consideration of annul hydrographs, recession lamb were separated then by doing some pre-processing recession curve get prepared for fitting various models. For each recession eight models were fitted. Result showed that for Jajrod and Talaghan, Barnes, Drogue, Coutagne and Wittenberg had better application, respectively. For Khoramdare river Horton, Barnes and Drogue had better performance with compared to others models. For Barnes model average value of K coefficient for Jajrod 0.97, 0.975 and 0.99, for Taleghan 0.967, 0.974 and 0.987 and for Khoramdare river 0.931, 0.945, 0.972 were obtained.
Jamal Mosaffaie; Amin Salehpour Jam
Abstract
Evaluation of the impacts of past watershed projects provides useful insights for future projects. In this study, the hydrology and water resources status of Akujan Catchment of Qazvin Province has been the object of the study in which the effects of various measures of watershed managements were evaluated. ...
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Evaluation of the impacts of past watershed projects provides useful insights for future projects. In this study, the hydrology and water resources status of Akujan Catchment of Qazvin Province has been the object of the study in which the effects of various measures of watershed managements were evaluated. For this purpose, the changes of water resources discharge, increased infiltration, water storage, peaks and volumes of catchment floods, were compared before and after the implementation of watershed management projects. Results showed that 114000 m3 more runoff storage has been carried out by watershed management operations that 20.1% of this volume was related to the structural operations and 79.9% of it was due to biological and biomechanical projects of the catchment. Results of the flood analysis indicated that the role of structural measures in the change of time of concentration is low and even negative. Therefore the reduction of the peak flow and flood volume at the outlet of the catchment is due to the implementation of biological and biomechanical measures which reduces the peak flows by 42.7, 25.4, 20.8, 17.1, 15.3 and 13.8% and flood volumes by 41.8, 24.8, 20.2, 16.5, 14.8 and 13.3% respectively for the return periods of two, five, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. Another observation is that the effect of watershed management practices on the reduction of flood peak and volume decreases when the return period of flood is increased.
Ali Bagherian Kalat; Gholamreza Lashkaripour; Mohammad Ghafoori; Aliakbar Abbasi
Abstract
On areas with highly eroded soils, where vegetation is absent or negligible, runoff generation and erosion processes can greatly be affected by the nature of parent material. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of lithology and soil parent material on erosion and soil loss, using ...
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On areas with highly eroded soils, where vegetation is absent or negligible, runoff generation and erosion processes can greatly be affected by the nature of parent material. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of lithology and soil parent material on erosion and soil loss, using rainfall simulator in Sangerd Drainage Basin which is located in Khorasan Razavi Province. To do this research, 11 homogeneous soil units (map units) with the same slope (20%), land use (rangeland), different lithology (marls and conglomerate) and erosion facies (sheet-rill, rill and rill-gully) were selected. A rainfall simulator producing 36 mm h-1 rainfall intensity and 30 minute duration was used at 33 locations over soil erosion plots. The amount of sediments was measured. In order to investigate factors affecting on soil erosion and sediment yield, soil was sampled from 0-15 cm depth of plot adjacent areas. For statistical analysis, SPSS 22 was used. Results showed that soil erosion and sediment yield have meaningful differences in different lithologies. Eem-RG and Plc-SR soil units with 260.9 and 45.1 gr m-2 have the most and the least sediment yield, respectively. It was found that the sediment yield had positive correlation with some soil properties such as silt, Ec, pH, SAR and antecedent soil moisture and negative correlation with sand, OC, NPV, vegetation and rock fragment cover.
nasim arman; Ali Shahbazi; mohammad faraji; somaieh dehdari
Abstract
Water harvesting and surface runoff control systems are the important components of urban planning and development and ignoring these issues is likely to raise crisis. In order to decrease the urban flood damages, the urban runoff is needed to be evaluated correctly. Today some of models are developed ...
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Water harvesting and surface runoff control systems are the important components of urban planning and development and ignoring these issues is likely to raise crisis. In order to decrease the urban flood damages, the urban runoff is needed to be evaluated correctly. Today some of models are developed for urban runoff simulation. One of the most important models in evaluating and management of urban runoff is SWMM. The aim of this study is to evaluate SWMM efficiency on urban runoff simulation in Izeh urban basin. To define design rain, concentration time was computed while considering the duration of the cloudburst as equal to this time. Also three performance indexes of Nash-Sutklif, errors sum of squares and Bias were used in order to model calibration and validation. Moreover, areas of high susceptibility were determined for two, five, 10, 20 and 50 years of return periods. Later, it was found that the principle reason of inundation is the lack of sufficient capacity of water ways. In some points, even with sufficient capacity, inundation occurs, confirmed by model. In these cases the causes stem from the improper design and construction of bridges which has lessen the size of water ways and caused junk clogging. Three rainfall events were recorded on March 13, 2017, March 28, 2017 and April 6, 2017 which were considered in order to calibrate and evaluate the model performance. Along with that, the discharge, depth and velocity of water at the outlet were considered as well. The results of the SWMM application gave indication of a good matchup between discharge, depth and the velocity of runoff for observed and estimated data. In this case, this model could be utilized to well predict the inundation hazard, design and the estimation of the cost and volume of drainage systems, management of watershed and prioritization of region to address flooding issues.
Roya Jafari; Mohsen Hosseinalizadeh; Hasan Rezaii Moghadam
Abstract
Accurate estimation of a watershed response to rainfall events plays an important role in its soil and water resources management as well as civil works design within watersheds and over or around its downstream rivers. Nowadays, due to improvement in our knowledge and understanding from watershed systems ...
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Accurate estimation of a watershed response to rainfall events plays an important role in its soil and water resources management as well as civil works design within watersheds and over or around its downstream rivers. Nowadays, due to improvement in our knowledge and understanding from watershed systems and enhancement in hardware and software technology as well as facilitation in learning and application of these technologies, researchers prefer to design and apply their required models themselves according to their aims and availability of data. The aim of this research is to develop a spatio- temporally distributed model within PCRaster GIS and programming environment to achieve a better representation of watershed processes at a small scale agricultural micro-watershed. In this study, based on the available local data, an event based rainfall – runoff hydrological simulation model was developed within PCRaster GIS and programming software and its performance was evaluated using observed data from a 27.6 ha agricultural micro-watershed discharging to the Shahrak – Behzisti residential area in the Gorgan city. This is a tightly coupled GIS model. During the research period, only two rainfall events leading to runoff generation occurred on 2/11/2014 and 16/9/2015 which were, respectively, used for calibration and validation of the model. Statistical comparison of the simulated and observed hydrographs of the rainfall - runoff events on 2/11/2014 and 16/9/2015 showed the correlation coefficients of of 0.69 and 0.65 and Nash-Sutcliffe criteria of 0.5 and 0.51, respectively. The results indicate that the developed model has a good performance at simulating rainfall-runoff processes during events.
Saeedeh Shirinmanesh; Masoud Sadrinasab; Ali Karami khaniki; Amir Ashtari larki; Seyed mostafa Syadatmousavi
Abstract
Suspended Load Concentration (SLC) estimation is one of the most important environmental and engineering issues in the coastal zone. The SLC distribution pattern near the coast can be determined by in situ measurement and combination with remote sensing products according to the topography and the types ...
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Suspended Load Concentration (SLC) estimation is one of the most important environmental and engineering issues in the coastal zone. The SLC distribution pattern near the coast can be determined by in situ measurement and combination with remote sensing products according to the topography and the types of dominant currents in the study area. The research objective was to identify the spatial and temporal variations of the surface SLC in the Hendijan Delta (Northern Persian Gulf) using remote sensing technique. The water samples were taken from more than 60 stations during the passage of the Landsat 8/OLI satellite over the study area on Feb. 20, 2016 and Feb. 6, 2017. The range of SLC variations was obtained between (0-740) mgl-1. Atmospheric correction was applied using SWIR algorithm on Landsat 8/OLI images to estimate the net water reflectance. There is a high correlation between provided from satellite data and the measured SLC. The empirical algorithm got an exponential form with the combination of the bands 4 and 5 performed using statistical tests. For developing this algorithm more than 50 types of equations were assessed. The proposed algorithm determines the SLC from the Landsat 8/OLI images with Pearson’s 0.93, root mean square error 28.12 mgl-1 and relative root mean square error 34.24%. The algorithm was applied to timescale of satellite images, and the spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentration has been mapped over the Hendijan Delta. According to this results, the rate of decline in SLC from near the coast to the distance of 5 km of the Hendijan Delta was estimated about 2800 to 20 mgl-1 on Feb 20, 2016 and 800 mgl-1 on Feb 6, 2017. Landsat images can be used effectively to retrieved SLC in the Hendijan River Delta.
Ghasem Mortezaii; Mahmoudreza Tabatabaei; Mohammad Jafar Soltani; Taher Farhadinezhad
Abstract
Like most of the wetlands in the country, Bisheh Delan Wetland is in poor condition and its ecological balance is fragile and unstable. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a training program on the importance of Bisheh Delan Wetland and how to use it responsibly by governmental and ...
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Like most of the wetlands in the country, Bisheh Delan Wetland is in poor condition and its ecological balance is fragile and unstable. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a training program on the importance of Bisheh Delan Wetland and how to use it responsibly by governmental and non-governmental stakeholders with the aim of repairing and supporting its restoration. In this regard, 10 workshops were conducted in a non-randomized purposeful manner in order to gain insight into the economic, social, technological, political, and cultural issues of the study area. Then, using elite ideas, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the wetland were identified. After, in accordance with the CEPA Action Plan, four strategies, including: A) public participation-information and socio-economic issues, B) promotion of national conservation and cooperation wetland management, C) achieving optimal environmental status and D) achieving optimum soil and water status were determined and then ranked. Based on the results of the strategy rankings as well as the results from the QSPM matrix, the conservative WO strategy was identified as the main strategy for the study area. In this strategy, handicrafts and indirect sales of its products to tourists are opportunities in the region that can, while directly and indirectly employing local communities, reduce the region's weaknesses (such as lower household income levels, poor infrastructure facilities and etc). Based on the results of this study, empowering local communities in achieving participatory wetland management is one of the best strategies for sustainable utilization of Bisheh Delan Wetland.
Negar Akbari; Masoud Nasri; Seyyedhassan Mirhashemi
Abstract
In this study, with using the data mining algorithm prediction, more efficient management of the aquifer of Tirvan and Karvan can be done. Seven different human and natural factors affecting aquifer depth changes were used in this manuscript. Initially, the predictions of three tree algorithms CART, ...
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In this study, with using the data mining algorithm prediction, more efficient management of the aquifer of Tirvan and Karvan can be done. Seven different human and natural factors affecting aquifer depth changes were used in this manuscript. Initially, the predictions of three tree algorithms CART, CHAID and MP5 in aquifer changes were evaluated using statistical indices. The CAHID algorithm performed better than the CART and MP5 algorithms with respect to the regression coefficient of 0.82 and absolute error mean of 0.12. The highest aquifer rise in December, January, February and March, when the amount of precipitation was between 0.08 to 0.72 million cubic meters and the air humidity percentage was more than 72% and also the highest aquifer drawdown in month August and September, when air temperature more than 25 centigrade and the volume of water discharged from agricultural wells were more than 1.32 million cubic meters, were predicted by the CHAID algorithm tree diagram. From natural factors, air temperature and human factors, the volume of water harvested from agricultural wells had the greatest impact on aquifer depth changes in the plain. The two factors of air humidity percentage and precipitation volume were the only factors that had a direct relationship with the aquifer depth elevation. The most influential factors in predicting the depth changes of the aquifer of Tirvan and Karvan were air temperature, volume of water harvested from agricultural wells, and Precipitation volume and other parameters, respectively.
